Some studies reported large positive associations between accelerated epigenetic age and poorer
structural brain integrity (Davis et al., 2017; Hillary et al., 2021; Proskovec et al., 2020), while others
reported small positive associations (Milicic et al., 2022; Raina et al., 2017), and still others reported null
> associations or even associations in the opposite direction (Cheong et al., 2022; Chouliaras et al., 2018).
^this is only of 1st-gen epigenetic clocks
Klotho gene therapy
(NOTE: this focuses more on the macrostructure (eg synapses) than the microstructure (eg mitochondrial/nuclear integrity)
Estrogens (yes, even in menā¦)
George Hosu has some hypotheses (though heās since then switched focus)
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Without myelin the brain cell cannot conduct electricity effectively. Being physically fit directly improves cognitive function in old age because it preserves myelin:
"ā¦researchers recruited a cohort of 125 participants from age 22 to 94 years old. The cardiovascular fitness of the participants was quantified as the maximum rate of oxygen consumption, popularly and succinctly known as VO2max. Myelin content was defined as the myelin water fraction, which the researchers estimated through an advanced multicomponent relaxometry MRI method.
ā¦higher cardiorespiratory fitness correlated strongly with greater cerebral myelination. Further, higher cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with better myelin integrity, which was particularly notable in the middle-aged and older participants.
Notably, they found significant positive correlations between the two measures in the frontal lobes and white matter tractsāregions susceptible to early degeneration associated with neurological disorders at the onset of old ageā¦ cardiorespiratory fitness is likely to be significantly protective for these sensitive brain regions, particularly among the subjects with lifelong fitness."
Now itās both metformin and semaglutideā¦
2024 a research team in China independently corroborated that 40Hz sensory stimulation increases glymphatic fluid flows in mice. In another example, a Harvard Medical School-based team in 2022 showed that 40Hz gamma stimulation using Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation significantly reduced the burden of tau in three out of four human volunteers. And in another study involving more than 100 people, researchers in Scotland in 2023 used audio and visual gamma stimulation (at 37.5 Hz) to improve memory recall.